Biology Case Study - 1303 Words

4. Discussion TLRs play a crucial role in mediating protection against pathogens. The interactions between PAMPS and TLRs result in triggering of cellular responses with subsequent production of cytokines and other immunoregulatory molecules leading to induction of innate and adaptive immune responses. Previous studies have demonstrated that TLR ligands can be exploited prophylactically to confer immunity against pathogens (Gomis et al., 2004; Dar et al., 2009; St. Paul et al., 2012c; Barjesteh et al., 2015) and as vaccine adjuvants to enhance adaptive immune responses (Mallick et al., 2011). Although the role of TLR ligands in eliciting innate and adaptive responses has been characterized in the chicken spleen and bursa of Fabricius (St.†¦show more content†¦The higher responses reported for LPS in the spleen, in contrast to higher responses to CpG ODN by cecal tonsil cells, could be attributable to differences in cellular composition (lymphocyte subsets, macrophages and dendritic cells) of spleen and cecal tonsils as well as age-related changes in TCR repertoire. Indeed, the percentages of TCR (T-cell receptor) 1 and TCR3 lymphocytes have been reported to be higher in the spleen of 7-week-old chickens compared to 2-week-old chickens (Erf et al., 1998). It is well established that TLR ligands exhibit both pro- and anti-inflammatory properties (Vendrig et al., 2013). Recognition of these ligands by TLRs enhances the production of cytokines and increases expression of costimulatory molecules that modulate adaptive immune responses (Datta et al., 2003). Furthermore, the secreted cytokines drive differentiation of naive T cells into Th1 or Th2 effector cells or T regulatory (Treg) cells (Kaiko et al., 2007; Orgun et al., 2008). In the present study, TLR ligands induced significant up-regulation of IFN-ÃŽ ³ and IL-2 gene expression. These results are in agreement with results from previous studies by Brisbin and colleagues (2010; 2012) in that treatment of cecal tonsil mononuclear cells with Salmonella enterica serovar Typhimurium (S. Typhimurium) and LactobacillusShow MoreRelatedBiology Case Study1218 Words   |  5 Pagesconvenient for our sample study since heart attack disease has been found to start developing in as early a range a s 20-39 years (Mozaffarian 2015). Some interesting things to note about our population sample is the changes overtime they had from 1950 to 1962. The weight change decreased about 1.4 pounds as did the serum cholesterol by 4.5 mg% and BMI by 0.2298964. 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