Database Management System related to DBMS - Free Sample

Question: Discuss about the Database Management System DMS. Answer: Database management system This is software of system for the management and creation of the database. DMS is useful for the programmer as well as for the user. This tool enables the user to engage with the system and update, read, create and destroy data in the system (Singh, 2015). The gap between the application program and the database is bridged by the DMS. Relational database The table which is formally described is used in the relational database. This table is used for the collection and storage of the data. Reassembling and access of the data is done through different way but in the process the table of the database is not recognised (Vicknair et al., 2010). In this process the SQL or the structured query language is used for the data accumulating for the report preparation and for the information generation from the relations database through interactive query. Appropriateness of the Database Management System The use of DMS would be appropriate for Dr John Smiths decision support system if it is able to address all the need of the project. The DMS would appropriate because of the usability factor. DMS would also be useful for the better visual display and reporting. The security of the data is top priority and there DMS is appropriate. The filtration and extraction of data, forecasting, planning and automation would be better done by DMS (Singh, 2015). It can be scaled up. There would be better software related support that would be provided. The cost factor is low in this approach. Rational database as Database Management System DMS uses the relational database as a model. Through the model of relational database the data are stored in the table format and each of them are classed the relation. In the relation there is one or more than one column for the data category. The relational model is easy to use and understand. The model is also useful for the DMS, it can update new data in the system and there is no need to modify the old ones (Vicknair et al., 2010). This is also useful for the better performance, flexibility, new capability development and for power of new technology. This model also provides the highest level of security of the data. Database query The query is a request format for retrieving the information from the database. The query is developed through three different methods. One is the menu based parameter selection. The second method is the example based query development (Kim et al., 2012). The third method is the special language based query development. Select custid, title, given_name from Td1cust where custid=c001; Select * from Td1cust where state=Victoria order by state ASC; Update tbitems set costprice(nz)=round(costprice(nz)+costprice(nz)*9.95%,2); Data base report When queries are given to the system, a result is generated for the query and that is called the database report. This report is very useful for the purpose of analysis and the process of decision making. Different tools are used for the running of the query through the use of minimum one language for query. SQL is the most useful and popular language (Kim et al., 2012). The other languages that are used for the purpose are HTSQL, SPARQl and Poliqarp. Decision support system This is specific type of information system which is computerised and useful for the support and decision making process of the business. This is a interactive system based on the software. This is useful for the compilation of the information from the large source of raw form of data. The current information based system can be asses through the system. This would also include the relational type data source, legacy, data mats and warehouse. The system would give the understanding about the different possible type of decision implication (Turban et al., 2011). It also helps to develop the comparative figure of sales for current and next week. The use of some other expert system or the use of artificial intelligence is there in the decision support system. Appropriateness of the decision support system There is different reason for which it would be appropriate to use the decision support system in this project. One of the main reasons would be the time saving approach in the decision making process. it just not only reduce the time of decision making but also improve the productivity because of the timely decisions. The decisions must be accurate to be effective for the business. The use of the DSS would enhance the effectiveness of the decisions. In the current project of developing the DSS for Dr John Smith, would have lot of other decision maker. DSS helps to develop and share facts and the different assumption related to decision. This approach is useful for the improvement of the interpersonal communication and that is useful for the decision making. The improved decision would useful for the development of the competitive advantage for Dr John Smith. The labour and the overall cost of the decision making are saved because of the DSS use. A clear perception is useful for the decision making and there is also less amount of frustration in the process. DSS in that context helps to create less frustration and more satisfied decision making (Turban et al., 2011). DSS is also useful in the performance monitoring process in the organisation. The system is useful for the greater control in the organisational process. All of these advantages of the DSS are useful for the project of the Dr John Smith. All of the above reason would make DSS appropriate tool for the implementation in the business decision making process. Appropriate type of mark-up for this business project The mark-up is the pricing process. This is very easy and less complicated approach of product pricing approach. After the development of the decision support system for the Dr John Smith, the developer needs to determine the prices of the service. In this process the first calculation would be to understand the cost of production (Betton et al., 2008). After calculating the product cost of the DSS development the mark-up value is added with the cost to arrive at the selling price of the service. Influence of mark-up selection in the customer purchase decision The price level impacts the decision of the customer in the purchase process. Higher price level negatively influences the customer in the buying process. Mark-up is less complicated approach of pricing. Here the desired profit level is added to the cost of the product through the percentage increase method (Betton et al., 2008). So to arrive at the correct selling price of the service the developed need to understand the affordability level of the customer and the desired profitability level that the service provider need to sustain the business. Large order discount impact on the profit of the business The discounts are useful for the increase in the sale figure. Increased sales figure would increase revenue figure for the business. There would be reduction of revenue per unit basis because of the discounts. So there must be enough sales to offset the decrease in the revenue and additional amount of revenue because of the activity. The discount that is given in the business would be able to increase the total revenue figure substantially. The discount would reduce the margin from each product and service sold (Schroeder et al., 2010). To increase the overall desired profit figure the business need to sale a critical amount to reach that. The current trend shows that the business would be able to reach to that point and achieve the desired profit from the discount activity. Appropriate type of Freight for the business There is different type fright system that would be there for the business. Different fright system has different cost structure and utility. The business of Dr John Smith sales different type imported merchandise like the bobbleheads, i phone skin, mugs, giftware etc. Now all of those are delicate items and supplier around Australia. Here the DSS shows that the less than truck load freight system would be most effective for the business (Turban et al., 2011). This is a cost effective, on time and reliable approach of fright. In this mode the shipment would share the truck with other similar type of other business. Different Freight type recommendation and the effect of the cost transfer to the business profit There could be some other type of fright system that is applicable for the business of Dr John Smith. There are some dedicated products that the business delivers to its customers. Those are to be delivered to the customer through some delicate approach. In that context the air ride truckload is useful fright type. Here the truck is partially filed and there is suspensions that are air ride type. But this type is expensive and can affect the profitability of the business if the margined of the products are not attractive. The air fright is fast and one of the cost effective approach that the business can avail (Turban et al., 2011). Guarantee delivery fright would be useful for the high priority and high margin products. The rail fright would also be useful for the business as it would save time and money for the business. References Betton, S., Eckbo, B. E., and Thorburn, K. S. (2008). Markup pricing revisited. Kim, W., Reiner, D. S., and Batory, D. (Eds.). (2012).Query processing in database systems. Springer Science Business Media. Schroeder, G. G., Klim, A. K., Heinz, G. M., Phillips, K. L., Raynor, W. J., Sengbusch, B. D., and Lindsay, J. D. (2010).U.S. Patent No. 7,689,456. Washington, DC: U.S. Patent and Trademark Office. Singh, S. (2015). Database management system.Journal of Management Research and Analysis,2(1), 72-80. Turban, E., Sharda, R., and Delen, D. (2011).Decision support and business intelligence systems. Pearson Education India. Turban, E., Sharda, R., and Delen, D. (2011).Decision support and business intelligence systems. Pearson Education India. Vicknair, C., Macias, M., Zhao, Z., Nan, X., Chen, Y., and Wilkins, D. (2010, April). A comparison of a graph database and a relational database: a data provenance perspective. InProceedings of the 48th annual Southeast regional conference(p. 42). ACM.

The Individual and Game Theory Criticisms and the Evolutionary Theory

Introduction The individual choice/game theory uses a very strict definition of individual rationality. On the contrary, the evolutionary game theory does not make any rationality assumptions. In this paper, the focus is going to be on commenting on whether the evolutionary approach is successful in addressing the criticism that, in neoclassical economics, the profile of the rational individual is not very realistic.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on The Individual and Game Theory Criticisms and the Evolutionary Theory specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Evolutionary Theory Provides a Satisfactory Answer to the Criticism In my view, the evolutionary game theory, which is a dynamic process, possibly offers the coordination mechanism which aligns beliefs with behaviour. It brings the game theory closer to economics by looking at economics as the product of an adjustment process instead of being looked at as a thing that simply springs in to existence. The classical game theory, which was a standard theory until the 1980s, is set up on the assumptions of ideal rationality as well as common knowledge (Hodgson 2007). However, it is without a doubt that not only an assumption is made that each individual makes an effort to maximize utility, there is also need to make an assumption of common knowledge of rationality and consistently aligned beliefs (Griine-Yanoff and Lehtinen 2010). According to my judgement, the evolutionary theory has offered some sort of solution to problems that are associated with the classical game theory. By making the relaxation of the perfect rationality assumption legitimate, the revolutionary turn overcame the hurdle which the refinement programme could not overcome. The issue was in the fact that â€Å"classical game theory facilitated generation of predictions were disconfirmed by evidence† (Sugden 2001, p.116). Economists had interest in game theory for the reason that they had hopes of utilizing it in explaining the actions of the â€Å"real economic agents†. Therefore, in the setting, there was an assumption that ‘real economic agents’ like the perfectly rational players of the theory, must possess some explanatory strength. However, the evolutionary theory is not confined to prescribed actions of ‘ideal’ agents as it focuses on the agents’ behaviour which is predetermined by successful actions of other agents. In other words, the evolutionary theory focuses on specific behavioural patterns which have already been checked and proved to be successful. Therefore, economists do not try to work out some patterns on the basis of certain assumptions. The economists can have more specific material. The evolutionary approach offers particular settings and particular examples to operate on.Advertising Looking for essay on business economics? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More One of the strengths of the evolutionary game theory is that it does not focus on individuals but on the strategies themselves. It is those strategies that are successful themselves which attract the agents and the individuals do not consciously make choices. It is only that with time, in one way or the other, they learn to make choices of strategies which, in regard to expected utility, are better for them. This might come about for the reason that â€Å"individuals learn from past play, they copy the behaviours of other players that are successful, or they adapt† (Patokos 2011, p.3). Therefore, the evolutionary theory addresses limitations of the game theory which is too ‘theoretical’. The evolutionary theory leaves behind certain theoretical notions like rationality to focus on more specific points like strategies used by the agents. The individual choice/game theory offers models which can hardly fit the modern (i.e. real) world, whereas the evolutionary theory provides in-depth analysis of behavioural patterns and various strategies developed by agents. In simple terms, instead of theorizing (which is the case with game theory), the evolutionary theory is more concerned with analysis of situations which are true to life. It is possible to claim that the evolutionary theory addresses the criticism that the neoclassical approach is unrealistic. The evolutionary approach verifies that it is possible to work out specific strategies which can be used in real life settings. The evolutionary approach enables economists to work out new ways to analyse various processes which take place in the business world. Finally, the evolutionary approach addresses one of the weakest points of the individual choice/game theory. The evolutionary theory does not try to suggest some sort of rationality. The approach suggests that agents’ actions can be justified by previous experiences of agents. In other words, the evolutionary th eory is not confined to analysing rationalities which influence agents’ choices. The evolutionary approach suggests a simple answer to one of the major questions concerning motives and stimuli. The evolutionary theory focuses on successful strategies agents develop. Usefulness of the Evolutionary ApproachAdvertising We will write a custom essay sample on The Individual and Game Theory Criticisms and the Evolutionary Theory specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More The evolutionary approach is very useful in addressing the problems associated with the individual choice/game theories that have been pointed out by critics. In an interesting manner, it is not that the evolutionary game theory does not need to make any assumptions on rationality; in the actual sense, it can be proved that the individual rationality assumptions as they are known must not apply for evolutionary theory to take off. Therefore, I view this theory as being a response to the criticism that rationality in neoclassical economics is too restrictive and it offers a very strong answer by leaving out all the rationality assumptions. Furthermore, I assume that evolutionary approach is more applicable in the contemporary business world. Admittedly, game theory proved to be quite effective in analysing certain processes. However, it is too concerned with the concept of rationality. In the ideal world where agents are guided by ‘ideal’ rationality, this theory could be the best option. However, the modern competitive business world is more like the animal world where species try to adopt and simply survive. Likewise, evolutionary approach can explain many of the on-going processes. I assume that modern agents tend to strive for success which presupposes fitness to certain conditions. Thus, evolutionary approach is more concerned with agents’ actions and choices which lead to some kind of development, rather than tracing agentsà ¢â‚¬â„¢ choices based on specific rationality. In the evolutionary game, agents do not work out strategies based on their rationality. Agents â€Å"inherit† strategies which have already proved to be effective under certain conditions (Vincent Brown 2005, p. 74). In other words, according to the evolutionary theory agents have specific patterns to use in this or that situation. What is more, every pattern undergoes certain ‘mutation’ which makes it applicable in other situations. Thus, agents work out successful behavioral patterns based on previous experiences, and, at the same time, prepare ground for the next generations of players. The evolutionary approach reveals one of the most important phenomena in the business world. It is possible to claim that one of the advantages of the evolutionary game theory is that it has two layers. Thus, the evolutionary approach presents an outer and inner game (Vincent Brown 2005). These two layers can enable economists to carry out in-depth analysis of various trends.Advertising Looking for essay on business economics? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More The first layer takes into account players, their activities and the ways they develop new strategies. The second layer is concerned with the strategies worked out. Advantages, disadvantages and overall fitness of this or that strategy is under analysis. Admittedly, such thoroughness can help economists find answers for many questions. For instance, economists not only analyse successful strategies and behavioural patterns. They are able to analyse settings that make people come to this or that conclusion. Economists are also able to understand factors that influence agents’ decision making. Admittedly, this understanding can help to predict changes which can take place in the nearest future. In fact, the evolutionary approach makes economists prepared to various changes as it provides specific solutions to particular problems. This is one of the most important advantages of the evolutionary approach over the neoclassical game theory. Therefore, I assume that the evolutionary approach is more complete as it suggests explanations which are more true to life. This approach enables the economist to analyse former experiences of the agents, and this, in its turn, can enable the researcher to predict behaviour of agents rather than contemplate (and seek for) ideal rationalities. This approach can be applicable for analysis of various processes taking place in the contemporary world. Another advantage of the evolutionary approach is that it enables the researcher to work out (predict) certain behavioural patterns agents can follow in this or that situation. The approach suggests greater degree of certainty which is very important for such disciplines as economics. It is also important to note that the evolutionary theory can help to trace changes that occur in the business world. Thus, agents develop specific behavioural patterns to fit the ‘environment’. Basically, agents evolve to successfully operate in specific settings. By tracing the change s in behaviours, the researchers can single out trends and principles that appear. Therefore, the evolutionary approach extends to the analysis of agents’ behaviours as well as analysis of the settings. This approach can help researchers to carry out in-depth analysis of the major principles existing in the business world. The evolutionary approach can help to predict changes that are about to occur, or to work out the most effective strategies to cope with up-coming issues. Basically, the evolutionary approach offers effective solutions applicable in the rapidly changing world. Conclusion The evolutionary theory has given some solutions to problems that are said to be associated with the individual choice and game theories. By bringing a dynamic process to the game theory, this has rationalized the existence of several equilibriums. The evolutionary approach focuses on particular strategies which have been worked out by agents on the basis of successful experience of other a gents. The evolutionary theory offers specific solutions which can be applicable in the contemporary world, which is one of the advantages of the approach. Reference List Griine-Yanoff, T Lehtinen, A 2010, Philosophy of game theory, Elsevier BV, New York. Hodgson, MG 2007, ‘Evolutionary and institutional economics as the new mainstream’, Evolutionary and Institutional Economics Review, vol. 4 no. 1, pp.7–25. Patokos, T 2011, ‘Evolutionary game theory – an introduction: issues in applied economics, Lecture notes for session 4’ (University of Hertfordshire). Sugden, R 2001, ‘The evolutionary turn in game theory’, Journal of Economic Methodology, vol. 8 no. 1, pp. 113–130. Vincent, TL Brown JS 2005, Evolutionary game theory, natural selection, and Darwinian dynamics, Cambridge University Press, New York. This essay on The Individual and Game Theory Criticisms and the Evolutionary Theory was written and submitted by user GorillaMan to help you with your own studies. You are free to use it for research and reference purposes in order to write your own paper; however, you must cite it accordingly. You can donate your paper here.

POLITICAL VIOLENCE AROUND THE WORLD essays

POLITICAL VIOLENCE AROUND THE WORLD essays 1. Title of the story: FAMILY BASHH. Rafael Miranda and his three teenage children (a girl and two win boys) has filed a lawsuit for being wrongfully arrested and violently handled by police for allegedly arguing and yelling at an off duty police officer. Miranda was picking up his two sons from catholic school. The incident erupted when Ramon Miranda and the off duty police officer clashed as they attempted to negotiate a lane closure near the school. Miranda yelled to the other driver in Spanish, You need to learn how to drive. Ramon Miranda claims that the officer shouted obscenities back, and then blocked the Mirandas path by moving his vehicle alongside a parked NYPD patrol car. As the off duty officer spoke to the uniformed cops, Miranda sent one of his sons to investigate. The suit claims the son was quickly surrounded by cops, handcuffed and held face-down on the hood of the off duty officers town car. Miranda and his other son rushed out of their car and also manhandled and arrested, according to the suit. The lawsuit alleges Miranda and his sons, who were in their school uniforms, were put in a choke holds with the father and one son thrown across the hood of the Town Car by several cops. Photos taken by Mirandas daughter Sarah support the allegations and even suggest cops may have used arm twisting holds outlawed by the NYPD. Sarah alleges she was hit by cops and arrested when they spotted her snapping the incident with a disposable camera she had hurriedly purchased from a nearby store. Medical records show she received a cut above his eye. All four members of the Miranda family were charged in the incident, police records show, but charges against the boys have since been dropped. Miranda and his daughter still face charges they interfered with cops and resisted arrest. # (2) Type of violence: POLICE BRUTALITY # (3) People perpetrating the ...

Different and expectations Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Different and expectations - Essay Example Mr Papandreou had excellent educational background and he was the son of one of the most important Greek political leaders: George Papandreou (Wilsford 361). In other words, family history and educational status seem to be important qualities of a leader in Greece. In addition, the ability to secure the territorial status of the country is considered as a critical characteristic of a Greek leader (Koliopoulos and Veremes 270). In Persia, people seem to have different expectations from their leaders. Indeed, in the particular country a leader is expected to be powerful. In the specific case, the word power is related rather to ‘privilege than to force and cruelty’ (Prastacos et al. 202). Using this power a Persian leader is able to keep the communication with his followers at quite high level; such leader can easily promote changes and take initiatives without having to face the resistance from his followers (Prastacos et al. 202). Integrity is another key quality of Persian leaders (Prastacos et al. 202). Integrity, as related to Persian leadership, means that the leader needs to be trustworthy and honest (Prastacos et al. 202). In other words, for people in Persia communication and ethical behavior are critical expectations, when referring to leaders. In China, the expectations of people from leaders seem to be highly differentiated: Chinese leaders are expected to be fully aware of their country’s historical and cultural background and to promote local ethics and traditions at the highest possible level (Lu 160). The promotion of guanxi not only in regard to the public sector but also to the private sector, meaning especially the foreign enterprises operating in China, is also a key expectation from Chinese leaders (Kessler and Wong-MingJi 303). According to the above in each society people have different expectations from their leader. These expectations reflect each society’s culture and ethics

Analysis of Bottled Water Markets Coursework Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Analysis of Bottled Water Markets - Coursework Example The demand of bottled drinking water in the UK and the rest of the world have been rising steadily over the years. In the UK, the bottled water industry holds a significant share in the soft drinks industry. In 2011, 1682 million litres of bottled drinking water were consumed and the total drinking water bottle production was 1692 million litres. Per person consumption of bottled drinking water was 34 litres in 2011. People consumed bottled drinking water more than nectar juices, wine etc (British Bottled Water Producers, 2011).  In the UK, drinking water consumption has increased drastically, that is why supplies have increased and bottled drinking water has become a necessity for many (Weissberg, 2008). The supply and demand of a product usually depends upon the price of the product and other economic factors (Jain and Khanna, 2007). However, in this particular case the price of the packaged drinking water does not have much impact on consumers as, water is a necessary beverage. The basic increase in demand of bottled drinking water is due to the loss of faith of the public in tap water system of the country (Bridges and Linkov, 2011). This has boosted the sales of packaged water. When consumers travel, they prefer packaged water because it is convenient to carry and trustworthy in terms of quality.     The average price of a 500 ml bottled drinking water sold by the restaurants of UK is  £1 and for restaurant owners is  £1 a litre. This data shows the availability of safe drinking water in restaurants and diners in the UK (Hickman, 2013). Demand of a product arouses when the consumer has a certain desire to own that product and to fulfill their requirement,the goods are supplied by the supplier (Jain and Khanna, 2007). The demand of the bottled drinking water is high and but its price is low.  When there is an average demand of bottled drinking water, the demand can be met by the suppliers very easily. However, when the demand of bottled drinking water will increase, it will be difficult for the suppliers to meet the growing demand of consumers. The bottled drinking water is purified by the water purifier companies and is infused with vitamins and minerals. This process takes a lot of time and to ensure quality of the products, the time factor is very important for manufacturers of bottled drinking water.

Huffman Trucking Essay Example for Free

Huffman Trucking Essay Huffman Trucking is a large organization that provides transportation of goods and services to its customers. In order to better serve these customers and to compete and stay at a high level above other suppliers, Huffman Trucking management enlisted the assistance of Team B to upgrade their companies systems to be able to create, maintain, and report on a database, which tracks the servicing of Huffman Trucking vehicles. Huffman Trucking has a number of business needs that should be met. The system should not require more than a few days of supervision to learn. It should be usable on modestly priced computer systems. Most of all, it should be simple and convenient for the users. The current system is not meeting business objectives because they are not able to tracks the servicing of the vehicles at Huffman Trucking. Huffman employees usually scan alphabeticly for vehicles . This is a fairly simple procedure if the exact name of the vechilce is available. However, many new employes may only know the few words of the vechile type. A tracked vehicle could possibly be misfiled, which requires a full stock review to find it. With the new shipment of vechicles need maintanes every month, it is close to impossible for a counter employee memorize Project Requirements There are two different types of requirements for this project. One is the technical requirements of the chosen database system and another is the business requirements of the Huffman Trucking. The business requirements  define the boundaries. Starting college can be like entering an entirely new world. You have more freedom than youve ever had before and you are in total control over your own life. This increased responsibility however can make you susceptible to some serous pitfalls. Read the following article to learn what habits to avoid in order to have a successful college career. Business Accounting Project Overview Huffman Trucking is a large organization that provides transportation of goods and services to its customers. In order to better serve these customers and to compete and stay at a high level above other suppliers, Huffman Trucking management enlisted the assistance of Team B to upgrade their companies systems to be able to create, maintain, and report on a database, which tracks the servicing of Huffman Trucking vehicles. Huffman Trucking has a number of business needs that should be met. The system should not require more than a few days of supervision to learn. It should be usable on modestly priced computer systems. Most of all, it should be simple and convenient for the users. The current system is not meeting business objectives because they are not able to tracks the servicing of the vehicles at Huffman Trucking. Huffman employees usually scan alphabeticly for vehicles . This is a fairly simple procedure if the exact name of the vechilce is available. However, many new employes may only know the few words of the vechile type. A tracked vehicle could possibly be misfiled, which requires a full stock review to find it. With the new shipment of vechicles need maintanes every month, it is close to impossible for a counter employee memorize Project Requirements There are two different types of requirements for this project. One is the technical requirements of the chosen database system and another is the  business requirements of the Huffman Trucking. The business requirements define the boundaries in which the project team has room to operate in. Huffman requires that the new system be relatively inexpensive with little ongoing maintenance required. The new system should not require many hours of training in order to use. The new system should also be usable  gout of the box. h Given these business requirements.

How The Characters In The Merc :: essays research papers

People’s rewards are determined based on their actions. The fact that Shylock is not merciful to Antonio and that he is hateful towards the Christians, has resulted in him losing his possessions. Bassanio not only helps Antonio, but is also wise and being wed to Portia is his reward. Antonio gives money to Bassanio and is willing to die for his friend and his reward is his life. The particular actions and decisions made by Shylock, Antonio and Bassanio causes them to reap the benefits or misfortunes of their behavior. Shylock is one of the more evil characters, who shows no mercy and is robbed of his possessions for these deeds. Shylock is not merciful towards Antonio’s situation and he does not care for his life. When Shylock is about to take a pound of flesh from Antonio, Portia asks for a doctor to help Antonio with his wound. All Shylock can say about this is, “I cannot find it; ‘tis not in the bond.'; (IV i 260). He does not care for Antonio’s life. Not only does Shylock hate Antonio, but he also hates all Christians. He shows this when he says, “I hate him for he is Christian';(I iii 39). He is almost basing his whole dislike for Antonio on his religion. Shylock’s cruelty causes him to be punished. Portia tells him, “Thou hast contrived against the very life / Of the defendant; and thou hast incurred / The danger formally by me rehearsed';(IV i 358). Shylock’s cruelty towards Antonio and his prejudice against Christians results in his punishmen t by the law. Bassanio uses his wisdom to wed Portia and he courageously helps Antonio. His reward is having Portia’s hand in marriage. Bassanio is willing to give up his life for Antonio. When he says “Good cheer, Antonio! What, man, courage yet! / The Jew shall have my flesh, blood, bones, and all, / Ere thou shalt lose for me one drop of blood.'; (IV i 111) He is saying he appreciates Antonio’s courage for him, but he also says Shylock will have to take his flesh, blood, bones and all before he can get at Antonio. Bassanio’s love for his wife is shown by his reluctance to give up his wedding ring. When Bassanio says, “Good sir, this ring was given me by my wife, / And when she put it on, she made me vow / That I should neither sell nor give nor lose it.